Democracy and Freedom

Richard Florida discusses a remarkable new study which analyzes 59 different factors that are potentially 'democratizing'. Surprisingly, just five factors encourage the growth of democratic regimes, while four factors defend a standing democracy. Most interestingly:

The study finds that GDP per capita is negatively associated with the transition to
democracy. Contrary to "modernization theory", the study finds that richer countries are not more likely to become democracies. Richer countries are more likely to remain democracies once they become one.

This study is significant as it presents strong empirical evidence of the failure of economic liberalization in promoting the proliferation of democratic regimes. Of course, you wouldn't need to show an academic study to prove this to an Argentinean or Chilean or Iraqi who has witnessed first-hand that economic liberalization without proper democratic institutions only serves to line the pockets of corrupt politicians and multinationals. But for those who have for so long trumpeted the Washington Consensus and Friedmanian policies for their alleged democratizing effects: I would point to this study as strong support for the intuitive notion that structural reforms and their potential democratic externalities only occur when those reforms emerge from democratic channels.